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Impact of e-Liquid Composition, Coil Temperature, and Puff Topography on the Aerosol Chemistry of Electronic Cigarettes
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Impact of e-Liquid Composition, Coil Temperature, and Puff Topography on the Aerosol Chemistry of Electronic Cigarettes
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  • Yichen Li
    Yichen Li
    Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
    More by Yichen Li
    Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-6857-8106
  • Amanda E. Burns
    Amanda E. Burns
    Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
    More by Amanda E. Burns
  • Lillian N. Tran
    Lillian N. Tran
    Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
    More by Lillian N. Tran
  • Karizza A. Abellar
    Karizza A. Abellar
    Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
    More by Karizza A. Abellar
  • Morgan Poindexter
    Morgan Poindexter
    Center for Health and the Environment, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
    More by Morgan Poindexter
  • Xiaohan Li
    Xiaohan Li
    Center for Health and the Environment, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
    More by Xiaohan Li
  • Amy K. Madl
    Amy K. Madl
    Center for Health and the Environment, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
    More by Amy K. Madl
  • Kent E. Pinkerton
    Kent E. Pinkerton
    Center for Health and the Environment, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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  • Tran B. Nguyen*
    Tran B. Nguyen
    Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
    *Email: [email protected]
    More by Tran B. Nguyen
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Chemical Research in Toxicology

Cite this: Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2021, 34, 6, 1640–1654
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https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00070
Published May 5, 2021
Copyright © 2021 American Chemical Society
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Abstract

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E-cigarette aerosol is a complex mixture of gases and particles with a composition that is dependent on the e-liquid formulation, puffing regimen, and device operational parameters. This work investigated mainstream aerosols from a third generation device, as a function of coil temperature (315–510 °F, or 157–266 °C), puff duration (2–4 s), and the ratio of propylene glycol (PG) to vegetable glycerin (VG) in e-liquid (100:0–0:100). Targeted and untargeted analyses using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, in situ chemical ionization mass spectrometry, and gravimetry were used for chemical characterizations. PG and VG were found to be the major constituents (>99%) in both phases of the aerosol. Most e-cigarette components were observed to be volatile or semivolatile under the conditions tested. PG was found almost entirely in the gas phase, while VG had a sizable particle component. Nicotine was only observed in the particle phase. The production of aerosol mass and carbonyl degradation products dramatically increased with higher coil temperature and puff duration, but decreased with increasing VG fraction in the e-liquid. An exception is acrolein, which increased with increasing VG. The formation of carbonyls was dominated by the heat-induced dehydration mechanism in the temperature range studied, yet radical reactions also played an important role. The findings from this study identified open questions regarding both pathways. The vaping process consumed PG significantly faster than VG under all tested conditions, suggesting that e-liquids become more enriched in VG and the exposure to acrolein significantly increases as vaping continues. It can be estimated that a 30:70 initial ratio of PG:VG in the e-liquid becomes almost entirely VG when 60–70% of e-liquid remains during the vaping process at 375 °F (191 °C). This work underscores the need for further research on the puffing lifecycle of e-cigarettes.

Copyright © 2021 American Chemical Society

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The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00070.

  • Temperature and power change during the vaping process monitored both by software and thermocouple; particle size distribution data, concentration standard curves for carbonyl-DNPH hydrazones, PG, VG, and nicotine; linear dynamic range for HPLC-HRMS analyses of the number of puffs collected; the linear relationship between calculated ΔGd and sensitivities of 13 carbonyl-DNPH hydrazones in ESI negative mode in the solution phase; CIMS spectra of the gas phase; model output for percent mass of e-liquid vaped during VG enrichment; tables showing the carbonyl and organic acid concentrations at all experimental conditions (PDF)

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Cited By

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Cite this: Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2021, 34, 6, 1640–1654
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https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00070
Published May 5, 2021
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