Toxicity of Atmospheric Aerosols: Methodologies & Assays
Author(s):
- Fobang LiuAssociate Professor, Department of Environmental Science & EngineeringXi’an Jiaotong UniversityEmail: [email protected]More by Fobang Liu
- Nga Lee NgLove Family Professor, School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering & the School of Earth & Atmospheric SciencesGeorgia Institute of TechnologyEmail: [email protected]More by Nga Lee Ng
Publication Date:
June 6, 2023
Copyright ©
2023 American Chemical Society
eISBN:
9780841299818
DOI:
10.1021/acsinfocus.7e7012
Read Time:
five to six hours
Collection:
2
Publisher:
American Chemical Society
Atmospheric aerosols, or particulate matter (PM), are liquid or solid particles suspended in the air. Exposure to ambient PM is associated with multiple diseases and accounts for millions of premature deaths today. Although recognized as an important public health problem, PM’s toxicity and toxicological mechanisms are yet to be understood. Various methodologies and assays (i.e., procedures to determine the composition, quantity, or quality of a substance or a mixture) have been developed or employed to understand the components and characteristics of PM that best determine its toxicity.
Efforts have also been spent to study the mechanisms of cellular signaling, stress, response, and physiological change, as well as complex multi-tissue effects upon PM exposure. These assays are diverse, spanning from in vitro acellular assays (i.e., chemical assays) to in vitro cellular and in vivo assays.
Given that various methodologies and assays have been developed or employed, this digital primer aims to introduce the methodologies and fundamental principles used to study atmospheric aerosols’ toxicity and emerging new techniques. A comprehensive literature review of the scientific findings using these methodologies and assays is not the focus of this primer.
The target audiences are senior undergraduates or beginning graduate students unfamiliar with aerosol science and toxicity measurements. An introductory overview of atmospheric aerosols and the motivations to study their toxicity before a detailed discussion of methodologies and assays in the toxicity research of atmospheric aerosols is provided. Beyond this, Toxicity of Atmospheric Aerosols: Methodologies & Assays serves as an assembly of the various methodologies and assays used in the toxicity research of atmospheric aerosols, saving readers time compared to searching from scattered resources.
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Detailed Table of Contents
About the Series
Preface
Chapter 1
Introduction of Atmospheric Aerosols
1.1
Introduction
1.2
Size
1.3
Sources
1.4
Chemical Composition
1.5
Water Solubility
1.6
Spatiotemporal Variation
1.7
Conclusions
1.8
That’s a Wrap
1.9
Read These Next
Chapter 2
Motivations to Study Toxicity of Atmospheric Aerosols
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Top Environmental Health Risk
2.3
Associations with Multiple Diseases
2.4
Aerosol Properties and Toxicity
2.4.1
Role of Chemical Composition
2.4.2
Role of Solubility and Particle Size
2.5
Conclusions
2.6
That’s a Wrap
2.7
Read These Next
Chapter 3
In Vitro Acellular assays
3.1
Introduction
3.2
Oxidative Potential
3.2.1
Dithiothreitol (DTT) Assay
3.2.2
Ascorbic Acid Assay
3.2.3
Respiratory Tract Lining Fluid Assay
3.2.4
ESR Assay
3.3
Particle‑Bound ROS
3.3.1
DCFH Assay to Determine Total Particle‑Bound ROS
3.3.2
BPEAnit Assay to Determine Particle‑Bound Radicals
3.3.3
Assays to Determine Particle‑Bound H2O2
3.3.4
Iodometric Spectrophotometric Method to Determine Total Particle‑Bound Organic Peroxides
3.4
Offline and Online Methods
3.4.1
Optimized Offline Methods
3.4.2
Online Methods
3.5
Conclusions
3.6
That’s a Wrap
3.7
Read These Next
Chapter 4
In Vitro Cellular Assays
4.1
Introduction
4.2
Cell Culture Systems
4.2.1
2D Cell Culture
4.2.2
3D Cell Culture
4.2.3
Organ‑on‑a‑Chip
4.3
Exposure Methods
4.3.1
Comparison of Submerged and Air–Liquid Interface Exposure Methods
4.3.2
Air–Liquid Interface Exposure Systems
4.4
Toxicological Endpoints
4.4.1
Cytotoxicity
4.4.2
Oxidative Stress
4.4.3
Inflammation
4.4.4
Genotoxicity
4.5
Omics Techniques
4.5.1
Genomics
4.5.2
Transcriptomics
4.5.3
Proteomics
4.5.4
Metabolomics
4.5.5
Multiomics
4.6
Conclusions
4.7
That’s a Wrap
4.8
Read These Next
Chapter 5
In Vivo Assays
5.1
Introduction
5.2
Animal Models
5.2.1
Rodent Models
5.2.2
Alternative Models
5.3
Exposure Methods
5.3.1
Inhalation
5.3.2
Instillation
5.4
Multiorgan Injury and Systemic Effects
5.4.1
Physical Examination
5.4.2
Neurobehavioral Tests
5.4.3
Histopathology
5.4.4
Immunohistochemistry
5.4.5
Summary
5.5
Conclusions
5.6
That’s a Wrap
5.7
Read These Next
Chapter 6
Challenges and Perspectives
6.1
Introduction
6.2
Research Needs and Challenges for In Vitro Acellular Assays
6.2.1
Standardization of Protocols
6.2.2
Combined Use of Acellular Assays
6.3
Research Needs and Challenges for In Vitro Cellular Assays and In Vivo Assays
6.3.1
Dose–Response Assessment
6.3.2
Throughput
6.3.3
Alternatives to Rodent Animal Testing
6.4
Conclusions
6.5
Insider Q&A: Flemming Cassee
6.6
That’s a Wrap
6.7
Read These Next
Bibliography
Glossary
Index
Reviewer quotes
Understanding the toxicological impact of aerosols is a crucial aspect of modern environmental research. As we move beyond simply measuring particulate matter (PM) concentrations and production, we are gaining new insights into the actual effects of these particles on human health. This primer provides an excellent starting point for anyone interested in this field.
The primer allows readers to get to the required elementary level of understanding of aerosol science while exploring novel research methods to analyze the effect of atmospheric aerosols. Its focus on practical methods is especially interesting and important for the target audience to learn.
I believe Toxicity of Atmospheric Aerosols: Methodologies & Assays will be a fantastic resource for those joining my lab who are trying to get up to speed on the terminology, basic assays, and general areas of interest related to atmospheric aerosols.
Fobang Liu is an associate professor in the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering at the Xi’an Jiaotong University. He earned his doctoral degree at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry and then did his postdoctoral training at the Georgia Institute of Technology. His research focuses on understanding the health effects of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM). In particular, he aims to combine laboratory experiments and field measurements to study the chemistry of PM and develop advanced in vitro and in vivo systems to link PM composition to its toxicity and explore the PM pathological mechanisms.
Dr. Nga Lee Ng is the Love Family Professor in the School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and the School of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences at the Georgia Institute of Technology. She earned her doctorate in Chemical Engineering from the California Institute of Technology and was a postdoctoral scientist at Aerodyne Research Inc. Dr. Ng’s research focuses on the understanding of the chemical mechanisms of aerosol formation and composition, as well as their health effects. Her group combines laboratory chamber studies and ambient field measurements to study aerosols using advanced mass spectrometry techniques.
